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With a wingspan the size of a Boeing Co. 747 jumbo jet, a spindly solar-powered aircraft took to the skies from Moffett Federal Airfield, near San Francisco, on a pioneering flight across the country.
The first leg is an excruciatingly long 18-hour trip from Moffett Field to Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.
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View PhotoAssociated Press/Jeff Chiu - The Solar Impulse is seen after landing from a test flight at Moffett Field NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, Calif., Friday, April 19, 2013. A solar-powered plane that …more

MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif. (AP) — A solar-powered plane that has wowed aviation fans in Europe took to the skies Friday over the San Francisco Bay area in a successful test flight.
Considered the world's most advanced sun-powered plane, theSolar Impulse took off from Moffett Field in Mountain View at first light for a two-hour practice run in advance of a planned multi-city,cross-country tour.
"That's a mythical step in aviation," André Borschberg, one of the plane's pilots and creators, said about flying cross-country. "We are something like between 1915 and 1920, compared to traditional aviation, when pioneers tried these non-stop flights."
He said a flight around the world could occur in two years. The Solar Impulse is powered by about 12,000 photovoltaic cells that cover massive wings and charge its batteries, allowing it to fly day and night without jet fuel. It has the wing span of a commercial airplane but the weight of the average family car, making it vulnerable to bad weather. Its creators say the Solar Impulse is designed to showcase the potential of solar power and will never replace fuel-powered commercial flights. The delicate, single-seat plane cruises around 40 mph and can't fly through clouds. Borschberg and Bertrand Piccard, Solar Impulse co-founder and chairman, said the plane should be ready for the cross-country journey on May 1, depending on the weather. "We like nice weather. We like sunny days," Borschberg said. Stops are planned in Phoenix, Dallas, Washington, D.C., and New York. Each flight leg will take 20 to 25 hours, with 10-day stops in each city. Between Dallas and Washington, the plane will also stop at one of three other cities — Atlanta, Nashville or St. Louis. Borschberg said the plane's creators are close to being able to launch the non-stop flights needed to go around the world. Using solar power, "we are close to the notion of perpetual flight," he said.
Local non-profit radio station KDRP is on the air, but it’s not plugged into the power grid.
KDRP, located in Dripping Springs, is the first radio station in Texas to be 100 percent powered by the sun. A large solar panel installed near the station’s tower powers its signal.
The system also stores energy so the station can stay on the air at night and on cloudy days. While it would take weeks of cloudy weather to use up the stored solar energy, there is a battery back-up system if all else fails.
"Being a pioneer in a certain area in an industry, I think that's fantastic,” said Leslie Bradshaw, a KDRP advisory board member. “And I'm sure being so close to Austin that it will catch on in Austin and Central Texas."
There are energy efficient modifications inside the studio as well, where light streams in from sun ports, eliminating the need for most electric lighting.
In addition to being an innovation, the green energy is also a money saver for the small independent station.
SolarAid and SunFunder will launch an innovative financing partnership to bring solar power to over 20,000 people in Eastern Zambia.
SunFunder is providing up to $50,000 in loans to SolarAid through its social enterprise SunnyMoney, in 2012. The first loan, for $10,000, will finance the purchase of 781 solar-powered lights.
These lights will be sold to Zambian families who currently live without power. The money for this loan will be raised through SunFunder's crowdfunding platform, which allows anyone to invest money into the project in amounts starting at $25.
Richard Turner, Director of Fundraising for SolarAid is excited about the potential.
"Families in Africa are prepared to buy solar lights to replace kerosene and candles. These brilliant little lights can transform the lives of a family by reducing the amount they spend on kerosene, and providing a safe clean light to use.
"We just need the capital to buy these magical lights and get them to remote areas. Sunfunder can help make that happen and we are delighted to be partnering with this amazing initiative".
SolarAid owns SunnyMoney the brand and company which works to build trust in solar products in Africa to help create a market for solar lights. This market approach is more sustainable than aid.
SunFunder is a new platform for anyone to invest in high-impact solar projects, unlocking access to clean, affordable energy around the world. SunFunder solves the biggest problem facing solar businesses working to deploy affordable solar technology in off-grid markets: access to financing.
SunFunder, which specializes in off-grid markets where power is most needed, unlocks a significant new source of capital for solar: individual investors who will be able to place money into high-quality, vetted projects.
"This partnership has the potential to make clean affordable solar energy a reality where it is needed the most," said Ryan Levinson, CEO and founder of SunFunder.
Investors who place money into a project are repaid over a period of six months to two years, earning back their principal plus interest-based "Impact Points" that can be used to reinvest in new projects. Investors are also able to track their project's performance and impact.
The project that launches with SolarAid will provide solar-powered lights to families in the Chadiza district of Eastern Zambia using distribution through local schools.
Working through schools allows SolarAid to overcome the trust barrier typically faced when introducing a new technology such as solar lights. All of the target schools in the Chadiza zone of the Eastern Province are remote and not connected to the electric grid, instead relying on kerosene lanterns and candles for light.
Austin Energy’s VOST might be the answer to the NEM controversy.
HERMAN K. TRABISH: AUGUST 24, 2012
Ten U.S. utilities currently account for 70 percent of all net energy metering (NEM) -- but most solar companies and utilities are thinking about it.
Innovative financing, unprecedentedly low panel costs and local mandates are increasing the prevalence of photovoltaic solar-generated electricity. But utilities and ratepayers without solar are concerned about potential cost inequities. Austin Energy (AE), the progressive municipally owned Texas utility, may have a solution.
NEM allows solar system owners to roll their meters backward as they earn retail rates for the electricity their systems send into the grid. In sunny places, bills can roll back to zero. This may shift some costs to the utility and the utility’s other ratepayers.
When a PV system owner doesn’t pay a bill, it deprives the utility of income although that utility is still serving that customer.
When PV system owners don’t pay for electricity, they also don’t pay ancillary charges for transmission and distribution system operations and maintenance even though both their electricity consumption and production use the infrastructure. That could make such payments higher for other ratepayers.
The result is a growing clamor from non-solar owning ratepayers and utilities to end NEM.
Solar advocates say NEM is vital to the growth of solar. It plays a pivotal role in the decision to bear the large upfront costs of installing solar because it significantly reduces the “payback period” for system purchasers.
The rapidly expanding third-party-ownership model is eliminating the hurdle of upfront costs for residential rooftop solar. But NEM remains essential to the new financing scheme’s funders because it hastens the return on their investment.
AE has been involved in solar for decades, explained AE Solar Incentives Program Manager Leslie Libby. It has long provided NEM because “costs were so high it was never going to be able to compete with coal or nuclear.” AE’s analysis, Libby added, is that even NEM, without a rebate on the system cost, is inadequate. “We still need to overcome the obstacle of upfront capital costs.”
Because of considerations pertaining to the deregulated Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) electricity market, AE does not allow third-party ownership in its service territory, although, Libby noted, as solar approaches grid parity, a transition to third-party ownership will likely be necessary.
Solar supporters at AE could see solar delivering an array of up-to-then unquantified benefits to a city that basks under one of the richest U.S. solar resources. “If we quantified them," Libby said, “we could pay more for solar.”
The result was Austin Energy’s Value of Solar Tariff (VOST), an alternative to NEM that moves from a production-based incentive to a hard value that balances out in the utility’s bookkeeping. It may satisfy utilities, ratepayers and solar advocates.
The VOST was derived from analyses by PG&E, Sandia Labs, Clean Power Research and others. It was, Libby said, “an inclusive process” that recognized the multiple added benefitssolar brought the municipality, including:
1. Energy value for predictably priced point-of-consumption electricity production;
2. Generation value for the avoided cost of building traditional generation;
3. Environmental value for reduced emissions and pollution;
4. Transmission and distribution system value for reduced burdens on existing wires and infrastructure and the eliminated need for new wires and infrastructure;
5. Disaster recovery value for serving when central stations go offline;
6. Reactive power value for stabilizing voltage drops that cause outages; and
7. Loss savings value for preventing all the above-named losses.
In the 12.8 cents per kilowatt-hour 2011 update of the annually revalued tariff, “the value for solar went up,” Libby said, because the times “when solar is produced match [the times] when ERCOT needs power.”
Beginning in October, AE’s solar system owners will be billed the same five-tiered, seasonally adjusted rates ranging from 1.8 cents to 11.4 cents per kilowatt-hour and the $10 monthly Customer Charge levied on all other AE electricity consumers. No meters will roll backwards. But solar owners will also be credited with 12.8 cents for every kilowatt-hour they send to AE.
Theoretically, there should be no revenue loss to utilities or undue burden to other ratepayers because AE will only be paying for value it receives.
Solaria Vice President for External Relations and Vote Solar co-founder David Hochschild, who helped lead the recent fight to protect California’s NEM, said AE’s VOST is still an unknown. Its viability as a solar support, he noted, depends entirely on where the tariff is set. But, he added, “it’s good to see Austin Energy showing leadership.”
The VOST applies only to AE’s residential solar. AE bills list it as the residential solar rate. Some AE promotional materials call it Gross Metering.
“What it is not,” Libby insisted, is an incentive. It is a credit applied to our customer’s bill for bringing this valuable resource into our service territory. That resource has a value to Austin Energy and we are going to credit them for that value.”
What made the VOST “palatable both internally and externally,” Libby said, “is that a residential solar system owner is billed like every other customer for their total consumption. The brilliance of it is this piece. Solar system owners are no longer a special class of customer.”
At the same time, she added, “we don’t have non-solar-owners hounding us anymore. But system owners get credited at the rate the utility has agreed is the value of bringing this resource into Austin. So far, it makes sense to everybody.” As NFL season nears kickoff, NRG Energy is installing solar energy at some of the league’s biggest stadiums.

Combined with some clear BIPV put into a canopy over some of the stores and walkways, the Patriot Place system, NRG says, will provide 1.1 million kilowatt-hours annually. On average that’s about 60 percent of the electricity to the commercial center, Gros says.
Interesting as the NFL solar installations may be, we’re still far from the day when a football stadium rocking on game day draws most of its power from the sun. First, it’s impractical. As NRG’s Crane says, he got interested in NFL solar in 2010 when the Philadelphia Eagles’ ownership announced a plan to take their stadium off the grid, which was bold but utterly impractical.
"There’s no building in America that makes less sense to take off the grid than a football stadium," Crane says. Most days they use little juice, then eight game days a year they can require 15 megawatts or more.
And like any solar arrays, the NFL’s are constrained by the realities of energy economics and politics. NRG picked a number of East Coast NFL teams because it already supplies energy in the region, and because the company says it can deliver solar at a price competitive with the Northeast’s higher everyday electricity rates. But in the company’s home state of Texas, while it sponsors the Dallas Cowboys and Houston Texans, NRG doesn’t provide them solar power because it’s not economical versus Texas’s electricity rates. And NRG couldn’t necessarily offer solar power to teams like the Atlanta Falcons or the Miami Dolphins—they’re located outside of its coverage regions. The local utility there would have to agree to net metering and a host of other concerns.
It’s also far from clear how much money the teams (and NRG) make on these deals. Neither party wanted to talk numbers on how much these installations cost or how much the teams will be paying NRG per kilowatt-hour versus what they currently pay for power. Owners, such as the Giants’ John Mara, only hint that they are confident their long-term power purchasing agreement with the company would keep rates at a locked-in level that is reasonable, especially as compared with the specter of continually rising energy costs.
For now, NFL solar power is more about the message. Patriots President Jonathan Kraft says part of the rationale for his use of solar is to tap the incredible reach of the NFL to spread the word about alternative energy sources. People who come to Patriots Place, whether to see Tom Brady throw TDs or just to shop, will see the solar installations and be able to learn about them, he says. It doesn’t hurt the team’s public image, either. The Patriots have also daylighted a creek near the stadium that had been buried under a culvert and have installed a graywater recycling system within Gillette Stadium to enhance the Pats’ green cred. They’re even considering installing a wind turbine at the stadium. "It feels like the right way to do business," he says. "[And] we, by the way, very much like the image of that."
At MetLife Stadium, Jets owner Woody Johnson and the Giants’ Mara echo that sentiment. Johnson says it’s too early to know what the next stage in NFL solar power looks like—whether it makes sense to integrate solar into the stadium’s main power supply in a more substantial way or try to make the stadium carbon-neutral. To him, the ring is "a way to make sustainability visible." He imagines young innovators seeing the ring from afar, lit up like the Empire State Building, and getting inspired. "We don’t have unlimited resources. We have to develop technologies that recognize this fact."
Still, these men are competitive football owners first, which explains part of the reason why the Jets and Giants wanted this shiny new accent. "Most of all, I want to beat the Philadelphia Eagles," Mara says.
The project is a collaboration between CPS Energy, the municipally owned utility who provides electricity toSan Antonio, and OCI Solar Power who will build and operate the 400 megawatt solar power facility. An output of this size is enough to power around 70,000 homes. CPS Energy and OSI Solar Power have entered into a 25 year power purchase agreement meaning the city agrees to purchase power from the facility over that timeframe.
OSI estimates that the project will create around 800 long term jobs and pump around $700 million annually into the local economy. The company will also be locating itsU.S.headquarters inSan Antonio. The San Antonioproject is part of a larger push by OSI, a South Korean owned company, into the sustainable energy market in North American. In addition to this project the company has around 40 other projects of various sizes throughout theU.S.
There are several factors that give Texas an advantage in solar energy. Texas has the most open land of the lower 48 states, much of which is bathed with sunlight most of the year. The state has a mature energy industry and large labor force that is cheap compared to other parts of the country. The state was recently named the number one state for business by CNBC. Beyond these factors Texas electricity providers will be hungry for electricity for the next few decades as it struggles to come up with enough power to serve the growing population and relatively strong economy. 

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